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Note: A newer security-fix release, 3.2.6, is currently available. Its use is recommended.

Python 3.2 was released on February 20th, 2011.

Welcome to Source 1 ™ HVAC Supply. We listened to our customers and now YORK ® Factory Direct and Source 1 ™ HVAC Supply stores are combining under Source 1 ™ HVAC Supply. As the YORK ® factory direct distributor and by carrying all major brands parts and supplies, Source 1 ™ HVAC Supply can help licensed contractors and distributors with the parts, supplies and training your company. As the leading Group Purchasing Organization (GPO) in hospitality, we have more than $12 billion in purchasing power and contractual relationships with more than 165,000 rebated line items and over 1,000 suppliers. 3-2-1 STRATEGY Rationale: An important element of reading comprehension is the ability to summarize text. Summarizing requires readers to focus on the major elements of a text and to decide what is important. When reading longer texts, this strategy helps readers by allowing them to review what they read in one part before moving on to the next.

Python 3.2 is a continuation of the efforts to improve and stabilize the Python3.x line. Since the final release of Python 2.7, the 2.x line will only receivebugfixes, and new features are developed for 3.x only.

Since PEP 3003, the Moratorium on Language Changes, is in effect, there areno changes in Python's syntax and only few changes to built-in types in Python3.2. Development efforts concentrated on the standard library and support forporting code to Python 3. Highlights are:

  • numerous improvements to the unittest module
  • PEP 3147, support for .pyc repository directories
  • PEP 3149, support for version tagged dynamic libraries
  • PEP 3148, a new futures library for concurrent programming
  • PEP 384, a stable ABI for extension modules
  • PEP 391, dictionary-based logging configuration
  • an overhauled GIL implementation that reduces contention
  • an extended email package that handles bytes messages
  • a much improved ssl module with support for SSL contexts and certificatehostname matching
  • a sysconfig module to access configuration information
  • additions to the shutil module, among them archive file support
  • many enhancements to configparser, among them mapping protocol support
  • improvements to pdb, the Python debugger
  • countless fixes regarding bytes/string issues; among them full supportfor a bytes environment (filenames, environment variables)
  • many consistency and behavior fixes for numeric operations

See these resources for further information:

  • Change log for this release.
  • Report bugs at http://bugs.python.org.
  • Help fund Python and its community.

This is a production release. Please report any bugs you encounter.

We currently support these formats for download:

  • Bzipped source tar ball (3.2)(sig), ~ 11 MB
  • XZ compressed source tar ball (3.2)(sig), ~ 8.5 MB
  • Gzipped source tar ball (3.2)(sig), ~ 13 MB
  • Windows x86 MSI Installer (3.2)(sig) and Visual Studio debug informationfiles(sig)
  • Windows X86-64 MSI Installer (3.2)[1](sig) and Visual Studiodebug information files(sig)
  • Mac OS X 64-bit/32-bit Installer (3.2) for Mac OS X 10.6[2](sig).[You may need an updated Tcl/Tk install to run IDLE or use Tkinter,see note 2 for instructions.]

The source tarballs are signed with Georg Brandl's key, which has a key id of36580288; the fingerprint is 26DE A9D4 6133 91EF 3E25 C9FF 0A5B 1018 36580288. The Windows installer was signed by Martin von Löwis' public key, whichhas a key id of 7D9DC8D2. The Mac installers were signed with Ned Deily's key,which has a key id of 6F5E1540. The public keys are located on the downloadpage.

MD5 checksums and sizes of the released files:

[1]The binaries for AMD64 will also work on processors that implement theIntel 64 architecture (formerly EM64T), i.e. the architecture thatMicrosoft calls x64, and AMD called x86-64 before calling it AMD64. Theywill not work on Intel Itanium Processors (formerly IA-64).
[2](1, 2) There is important information about IDLE, Tkinter, and Tcl/Tk on Mac OSX here. Also, on Mac OS X 10.6, if you need tobuild C extension modules with the 32-bit-only Python installed, you willneed Apple Xcode 3, not 4. The 64-bit/32-bit Python can use eitherXcode 3 or Xcode 4.

Introduction to R

R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R can be considered as a different implementation of S. There are some important differences, but much code written for S runs unaltered under R.

R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, …) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible. The S language is often the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology, and R provides an Open Source route to participation in that activity.

One of R’s strengths is the ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can be produced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but the user retains full control.

R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS.

The R environment

R is an integrated suite of software facilities for data manipulation, calculation and graphical display. It includes

  • an effective data handling and storage facility,
  • a suite of operators for calculations on arrays, in particular matrices,
  • a large, coherent, integrated collection of intermediate tools for data analysis,
  • graphical facilities for data analysis and display either on-screen or on hardcopy, and
  • a well-developed, simple and effective programming language which includes conditionals, loops, user-defined recursive functions and input and output facilities.

The term “environment” is intended to characterize it as a fully planned and coherent system, rather than an incremental accretion of very specific and inflexible tools, as is frequently the case with other data analysis software.

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R, like S, is designed around a true computer language, and it allows users to add additional functionality by defining new functions. Much of the system is itself written in the R dialect of S, which makes it easy for users to follow the algorithmic choices made. For computationally-intensive tasks, C, C++ and Fortran code can be linked and called at run time. Advanced users can write C code to manipulate R objects directly.

Many users think of R as a statistics system. We prefer to think of it as an environment within which statistical techniques are implemented. R can be extended (easily) via packages. There are about eight packages supplied with the R distribution and many more are available through the CRAN family of Internet sites covering a very wide range of modern statistics.

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R has its own LaTeX-like documentation format, which is used to supply comprehensive documentation, both on-line in a number of formats and in hardcopy.